References

  1. Grimes PE, Meraz M. A new microentrapped 4% hydroquinone formulation for treatment of hyperpigmentation. Poster presented at the 60th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Dermatology, February 22-27, 2002, New Orleans, LA. P519.
  2. Palumbo A, d'Ischia M, Misuraca G, Prota G., Mechanism of inhibition of melanogenesis by hydroquinone. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1991;1073(1):85-90.
  3. Nishimura T, Kometani T, Okada S, Ueno N, Yamamoto T. Inhibitory effects of hydroquinone-alpha-glucoside on melanin synthesis. Yakugaku Zasshi. 1995;115(8):626-632.
  4. Treen B. Treatment of telangiectasia resulting from use of hydroquinone fluocinolone acetonide/tretinoin cream. Cosmetic Dermatology. 2003; 16:55-56.
  5. Halder RM, Grimes PE, McLaurin CI, Kress MA, Kenney JA Jr. Incidence of common dermatoses in a predominantly black dermatologic practice. Cutis. 1983;32(4):388-390.
  6. Goh CL, Dlova CN. A retrospective study on the clinical presentation and treatment outcome of melasma in a tertiary dermatological referral center in Singapore. Singapore Med J. 1999;40(7):455-458.
  7. Pathak MA, Fitzpatrick TB, Kraus EW. Usefulness of retinoic acid in the treatment of melasma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1986;15(4 Pt 2):894-899.
  8. Sanchez NP, Pathak MA, Sato S, Fitzpatrick TB, Sanchez JL, Mihm MC Jr. Melasma: a clinical, light microscopic, ultrastructural, and immunofluorescence study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1981;4(6):698-710.
  9. Kimbrough-Green CK, Griffiths CE, Finkel LJ, Hamilton TA, Bulengo-Ransby SM, Ellis CN, Voorhees JJ. Topical retinoic acid (tretinoin) for melasma in black patients. A vehicle-controlled clinical trial. Arch Dermatol. 1994;130(6):727-733.
  10. Freedberg IM, Eisen AZ, Wolff K, Austen KF, Goldsmith LA, Katz SI, Fitzpatrick TB, eds. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. 5th edition. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 1999.
  11. Vazquez M, Maldonado H, Benmaman C, Sanchez JL. Melasma in men. A clinical and histologic study. Int J Dermatol. 1988;27(1):25-27.
  12. Embil K, Nacht S. The Microsponge® Delivery System (MDS): a topical delivery system with reduced irritancy incorporating multiple triggering mechanisms for the release of actives. J Microencapsul. 1996;13:575-588.
  13. Grimes PE, Meraz M. A new microentrapped 4% hydroquinone formulation for treatment of hyperpigmentation. Poster presented at the 60th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Dermatology, February 22-27, 2002; New Orleans, LA. Poster 519.
  14. Data on file, SkinMedica. Carlsbad, CA.
  15. Grimes PE. Data on file.

EpiQuin Micro should be tested for skin sensitivity prior to use. Excessive inflammatory responses are contraindications to further use, while minor redness is not. Hydroquinone may produce unwanted effects if not used as directed. The safety of topical hydroquinone use during pregnancy has not been established.
* Individual results may vary.

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